Term 1
A:
Topic 11: Science of Photography
A DSLR camera is different from conventional cameras as it uses mirrors and prisms to direct light from the lens to the viewpiece. Shutter Speed is the length of time a camera shutter is open to expose light into the camera sensor. Shutter speeds are typically measured in fractions of a second, when they are under a second. Slow shutter speeds allow more light into the camera sensor and are used for low-light and night photography, while fast shutter speeds help to freeze motion. Examples of shutter speeds: 1/15 (1/15th of a second), 1/30, 1/60, 1/125. Aperture is a hole within a lens, through which light travels into the camera body. The larger the hole, the more light passes to the camera sensor. Aperture also controls the depth of field, which is the portion of a scene that appears to be sharp. If the aperture is very small, the depth of field is large, while if the aperture is large, the depth of field is small. In photography, aperture is typically expressed in “f” numbers (also known as “focal ratio”, since the f-number is the ratio of the diameter of the lens aperture to the length of the lens). Examples of f-numbers are: f/1.4, f/2.0, f/2.8, f/4.0, f/5.6, f/8.0. Focal length, usually represented in millimeters (mm), is the basic description of a photographic lens. It is not a measurement of the actual length of a lens, but a calculation of an optical distance from the point where light rays converge to form a sharp image of an object to the digital sensor or 35mm film at the focal plane in the camera. The focal length of a lens is determined when the lens is focused at infinity. The focal length tells us the angle of view—how much of the scene will be captured—and the magnification—how large individual elements will be. The longer the focal length, the narrower the angle of view and the higher the magnification. The shorter the focal length, the wider the angle of view and the lower the magnification.B:
30,000 year-old giant virus found in Siberia
Introduction
This article is about a new scientific breakthrough. The largest virus ever have been found at the extreme north-eastern part of Siberia. The scientists were trying to find out the differences between this newly found virus, Pithovirus, and the Pandoravirus.
Summary of the article
This article tells us about the Pithovirus. Scientists at first look of the virus thought that it could be Pandoravirus due to its shape. Then they proved that Pithovirus is not Pandoravirus due to the following reasons. The Pithovirus has about 500 genes while the Pandoravirus can have up to 2500 genes and they replicate differently inside amoeba cells. The Pithovirus formed the first of a new family of viruses.Statement of your opinion
I think that the scientific discovery is important as a step in uncovering more about viruses and how the viruses have or could have affected our health. Even though Pithovirus is not harmful to men, we must still understand more about it and maybe find more viruses in the Pithovirus family.
Term 2
A:
Topic 12: Gardens by the Bay
There are 18 supertrees in Gardens by the Bay, twelve at the Supertree Grove, while the remaining six are placed in clusters of threes at the Golden and Silver Gardens. The trees provide scale and dimension to the Gardens while marrying the form and function of mature trees, the Supertrees also create height to balance the tall developments in the Marina Bay area. The imposing trees have colossal concrete trunks weighing hundreds of tonnes. While thousands of thick wire rods have been used to create artificial branches and canopies. The two man-made eco-systems, or biomes, consists of ‘Cloud Forest’ (0.8 hectares) and ‘Flower Dome’ (1.2 hectares). They replicate the climate of regions which are among the most threatened habitats in the wo
rld, with many plant species facing the threat of climate change and habitat loss brought about by human activities. The conservatories are also a statement in sustainable engineering and apply a suite of cutting-edge technologies that provide energy-efficient solutions in cooling that allows a whole new world of plants to be sustained in Singapore.
B:
A Squirt of Stem Cell Gel Heals Brain Injuries
http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2009-09/squirt-stem-cell-gel-heals-brain-injuries?dom=PSC&loc=recent&lnk=1&con=a-squirt-of-stem-cell-gel-heals-brain-injuries
Introduction
The article is about a new scientific discovery of a gel which stimulates the growth of stem cells at the injury site. It shows the tests carried out on rats and shows that this gel may help with brain injuries too.
Summary of the article
Dr. Ning Zhang at Clemson University in South Carolina invented a gel that can help save lives. At a injury site, his gel can be injected into someone who is injured and simulates the growth of stem cells. Brain injuries are harder to repair and the article that usual methods may not be useful to the situation.
Statement of your opinion
Scientists have been interested to find out ways to help patients. I think is a crucial discovery and will lead the other scientists to come up with more ways to help injured patients heal faster using the gels and repair brain injuries which is usual harder to heal.
(References included in this post:
https://tysonrobichaudphotography.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/dof1.jpg
http://cdn-7.nikon-cdn.com/en_INC/IMG/Images/Learn-Explore/Photography-Techniques/2009/Focal-Length/Media/focal-length-graphic.jpg
https://photographylife.com/iso-shutter-speed-and-aperture-for-beginners
http://www.nikonusa.com/en/Learn-And-Explore/Article/g3cu6o2o/understanding-focal-length.html
http://www.gardensbythebay.com.sg/en/the-gardens/attractions/supertree-grove.html
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2137404/Gardens-By-The-Bay-Supertrees-Singapore-prepares-opening-day.html
http://www.nrf.gov.sg/images/default-source/GYSS-2015/gardens_by_the_bay.jpg?sfvrsn=0)
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